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14 In addition to performing unwanted behaviors in the owner’s absence, dogs with separation-related problems will often show signs of excessive attachment to their owners. 13 Separation anxiety has been defined as distress in the absence of an attachment figure. While most dogs are emotionally attached to their owners, anxious dogs exhibit more attachment behaviors than dogs that are less anxious. 13 This is not surprising given that dogs have been selected for their dependence on humans over 10,000 or more years of domestication. 12 The emotional attachment between adult dogs and their owners, even in the absence of separation-related behavior problems, has been found to be similar to that displayed by human adults and their children. The bond formed between dogs and their human owners is consistent with an attachment. 5– 9 Less common problem behaviors include inappropriate elimination (urination and defecation), self-injurious behavior (eg, over-grooming), increased or repetitive motor activity (eg, pacing), attempts to escape, trembling, salivation, and depression. The most common of these are destruction and excessive vocalization, including whining and barking. 4 Dogs with separation-related behavior problems, in contrast, engage in undesirable behaviors when left alone. Keywords: systematic desensitization, counterconditioning, medication, separation anxietyĭogs without separation-related behavior problems are passive and inactive in their owner’s absence, 1, 2 and the initially anxious behavior of puppies separated from their owners 3 has been found to decrease quickly after adoption. Advice is given for people seeking to adopt a dog, for new dog owners, and for existing dog owners who wish to treat their dog’s separation anxiety.
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Where individual therapy from an animal behavior expert is not possible, advice to dog owners should be clear, simple, and contain five or fewer instructions to improve adherence. The most successful treatment for canine separation-related problems may be behavior modification that focuses on systematic desensitization and counterconditioning, which can be supplemented with medication in the initial stages. Protective factors include ensuring a wide range of experiences outside the home and with other people between the ages of 5–10 months, stable household routines and absences from the dog, and the avoidance of punishment. Although research is equivocal, dogs seem to develop separation-related behavior problems if they are male, sourced from shelters or found, and separated from the litter before they are 60 days old.
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I review research on factors likely to predispose dogs to developing separation anxiety and on the treatments available. School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New ZealandĪbstract: Dogs with separation-related behavior problems engage in unwanted behavior such as destruction of property and excessive vocalization when left alone, causing distress for both the dog and the owner, and often leading to the dog being relinquished or euthanized.